Case: Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Richardson

1:05-cv-01168 | U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico

Filed Date: Nov. 7, 2005

Closed Date: July 6, 2007

Clearinghouse coding complete

Case Summary

This case challenged a correctional facility's religious programming as a violation of the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution. On November 7, 2005, the Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc., along with several individual members of the organization who were New Mexico taxpayers, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico against the New Mexico Corrections Department and the Correction Corporation of America (CCA), a private contractor paid to run the N…

This case challenged a correctional facility's religious programming as a violation of the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

On November 7, 2005, the Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc., along with several individual members of the organization who were New Mexico taxpayers, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico against the New Mexico Corrections Department and the Correction Corporation of America (CCA), a private contractor paid to run the New Mexico Women's Correctional Facility (NMWCF) in Grants County. The plaintiffs, represented by private counsel, sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that CCA's use of Christian faith-based programming in NMWCF constituted an endorsement of religion and violated the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The parties consented to proceed before magistrate judge Karen B. Molzen. The plaintiffs sought declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as attorneys fees.'

On January 31, 2007, the court denied the defendants' motions for summary judgment on standing and the merits of the plaintiffs' Establishment Clause claim. However, on June 26, 2007, the court notified the parties of its intention to withdraw those decisions and dismiss the plaintiffs' claims with prejudice or grant summary judgment for the defendants on taxpayer standing. The court invited briefing on the proposed action. Rather than submit briefing, the parties stipulated to the dismissal of all claims with prejudice on July 6, 2007. The court granted the stipulated motion to dismiss on the same day.

The case is now closed.

Summary Authors

Kristen Sagar (2/27/2007)

Kenneth Gray (8/1/2013)

Colton French (3/28/2025)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4312800/parties/freedom-religion-v-richardson/


Judge(s)

Molzen, Karen Ballard (New Mexico)

Puglisi, Richard L. (New Mexico)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Baker, Adam S. (New Mexico)

Bolton, Richard L. (Wisconsin)

Attorney for Defendant

Gottlieb, Gail (New Mexico)

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case

1:05-cv-01168

Docket (ACE, New Mexico)

Freedom Religion v. Richardson

Nov. 15, 2006

Nov. 15, 2006

Docket
1

1:05-cv-01168

Civil Rights Complaint Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Nov. 7, 2005

Nov. 7, 2005

Complaint
92

1:05-cv-01168

Order

Jan. 31, 2007

Jan. 31, 2007

Order/Opinion
93

1:05-cv-01168

Memorandum Opinion and Order Denying Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment for Lack Of Standing

Jan. 31, 2007

Jan. 31, 2007

Order/Opinion
106

1:05-cv-01168

Stipulated Order Dismissing All Claims

Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Richardson

July 6, 2007

July 6, 2007

Order/Opinion

Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4312800/freedom-religion-v-richardson/

Last updated April 11, 2026, 5:03 a.m.

ECF Number Date Description Link
1 Nov. 7, 2005

COMPLAINT for Civil Rights (5 Summons(es) issued) (referred to Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen) (pr) (Entered: 11/08/2005)

Clearinghouse
2 Nov. 28, 2005

NOTICE of consent to proceed before a U.S. Magistrate Judge by pltfs (jm) (Entered: 11/29/2005)

RECAP
3 Dec. 12, 2005

CERTIFICATE of service on copy of civil rights complaint by pltfs to defts Richardson, Williams & Gonzales on 12/5/05 (jm) Modified on 12/13/2005 (Entered: 12/12/2005)

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4 Dec. 12, 2005

RETURN OF SERVICE executed upon deft Bill Richardson on 12/5/05 (jm) (Entered: 12/12/2005)

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5 Dec. 12, 2005

RETURN OF SERVICE executed upon deft Joe R Williams on 12/5/05 (jm) (Entered: 12/12/2005)

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6 Dec. 12, 2005

RETURN OF SERVICE executed upon deft Homer Gonzales on 12/5/05 (jm) (Entered: 12/12/2005)

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7 Dec. 12, 2005

RETURN OF SERVICE executed upon defendant Corrections Corp on 12/5/05 (jm) (Entered: 12/12/2005)

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8 Dec. 20, 2005

ENTRY OF APPEARANCE for defendants Bill Snodgrass and Corrections Corp by Gail Gottlieb, Benjamin E Thomas * (vv) (Entered: 12/20/2005)

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9 Dec. 29, 2005

NOTICE of consent to proceed before a US Magistrate Judge by defts Bill Snodgrass & Corrections Corp (jm) (Entered: 12/29/2005)

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10 Dec. 30, 2005

NOTICE by defts Gov. Bill Richardson, Joe R. Williams and Homer Gonzales of consent to proceed before a U.S. Magistrate Judge (bap) Modified on 01/04/2006 (Entered: 01/03/2006)

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11 Jan. 5, 2006

ENTRY OF APPEARANCE for defts Bill Richardson, Joe R Williams, Homer Gonzales & Bill Snodgrass by attorney Patricia A. Madrid (jm) (Entered: 01/06/2006)

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12 Jan. 13, 2006

ANSWER by defts Bill Snodgrass & Corrections Corp [1-1]; jury demand* (jm) (Entered: 01/13/2006)

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13 Jan. 13, 2006

ENTRY OF APPEARANCE for defts Bill Richardson, Joe R Williams & Homer Gonzales by Patricia A. Madrid (jm) (Entered: 01/17/2006)

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14 Jan. 13, 2006

ANSWER by defts Bill Richardson, Joe R Williams & Homer Gonzales [1-1] (jm) (Entered: 01/17/2006)

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15 Jan. 19, 2006

INITIAL SCHEDULING ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen setting telephonic Rule 16 scheduling conference on 3/15/06 @ 1:30 pm; IPTR and provisional discovery plan due 3/8/06 (cc: all counsel)* (jm) (Entered: 01/20/2006)

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16 Feb. 7, 2006

NOTICE (withdrawal) of entry of appearance by deft Bill Snodgrass of attorneys Thomson and Tourek (ln) (Entered: 02/08/2006)

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17 Feb. 7, 2006

ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE by attorney Gottlieb for deft Bill Snodgrass on 1/6/06 (ln) (Entered: 02/08/2006)

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18 Feb. 21, 2006

NOTICE by defts Bill Richardson, Joe R Williams and Homer Gonzales of change of address & fax number of attorneys (bap) (Entered: 02/22/2006)

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19 March 8, 2006

PROVISIONAL DISCOVERY PLAN submitted by parties* (jm) (Entered: 03/08/2006)

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20 March 13, 2006

NOTICE of change of address and law firm affiliation by co-counsel for pltfs* (jm) (Entered: 03/13/2006)

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21 March 15, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen adopting attorney's provisional discovery plan [19-1] (cc: all counsel)* (jm) (Entered: 03/15/2006)

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22 March 15, 2006

CLERK'S MINUTES before Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen telephonic Rule 16 scheduling conference held on 3/15/06 * (jm) (Entered: 03/15/2006)

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23 March 22, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on interrogs and request for production by deft Corrections Corp to counsel on 3/22/06* (jm) (Entered: 03/22/2006)

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24 March 22, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on initial disclosures by defts to counsel on 3/22/06* (jm) (Entered: 03/22/2006)

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25 March 23, 2006

NOTICE of hearing Pretrial conference set for 1/17/07 at 2:00 pm; Jury trial set for 2/12/07 at 9:30 am (cc: all counsel) * (vv) (Entered: 03/23/2006)

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26 March 23, 2006

INITIAL PRE-TRIAL REPORT by Magistrate Judge Richard L. Puglisi & Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen; Discovery set for 8/14/06; mtn filing ddl set for 9/15/06; proposed pretrial order due 11/28/06; pretrial conference set for 2:00 pm on 1/17/07; jury trial set for 9:30 am on 2/12/07; Estimated # of Trial Days: 3 to 4; Chances of Settlement: low (cc: all counsel) (jm) (Entered: 03/24/2006)

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27 April 25, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on initial disclosures by defts Bill Snodgrass and Corrections Corp to counsel on 4/25/06* (jm) (Entered: 04/25/2006)

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28 April 26, 2006

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE by defts Corrections Corporation and Snodgrass of responses to first request to produce to counsel on 04/26/06* (ln) (Entered: 04/26/2006)

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29 April 28, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on responses to pltfs' 1st request to produce by defts* (jm) (Entered: 04/28/2006)

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30 May 9, 2006

NOTICE of Rule 41(a)(1) dismissal as to party Bill Richardson (yc) (Entered: 05/18/2006)

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31 May 18, 2006

NOTICE of change of address by counsel for pltfs* (jm) (Entered: 05/18/2006)

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32 May 19, 2006

UNOPPOSED MOTION by pltfs to extend time to file mtn to compel * (jm) (Entered: 05/19/2006)

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33 May 22, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen granting pltf's unopposed motion to extend time to file mtn to compel until 5/26/06; [32-1] (cc: all counsel) (yc) (Entered: 05/22/2006)

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34 May 26, 2006

MOTION by plaintiffs to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for produce * (dmw) (Entered: 05/30/2006)

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35 May 26, 2006

MEMORANDUM by plaintiff in support of motion to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for produce [34-1]* (dmw) (Entered: 05/30/2006)

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36 June 6, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on 1st supplemental disclosures by defts to counsel on 6/6/06* (jm) (Entered: 06/06/2006)

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39 June 12, 2006

EXHIBITS 1-3 filed by plaintiff in support of motion to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for produce [34-1] (dmw) (Entered: 06/16/2006)

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37 June 14, 2006

UNOPPOSED MOTION by pltfs to extend discovery deadlines * (jm) (Entered: 06/14/2006)

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38 June 15, 2006

RESPONSE by defts Bill Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to motion to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for produce [34-1]* (jm) (Entered: 06/15/2006)

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40 June 16, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen granting motion to extend discovery deadlines [37-1] Discovery cutoff 9/13/06; Motion Filing cutoff 10/2/06; see order for further information (cc: all counsel) (rlc) (Entered: 06/20/2006)

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41 June 21, 2006

STIPULATED CONFIDENTIALITY ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen (cc: all counsel) (rlc) (Entered: 06/23/2006)

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42 July 3, 2006

REPLY by pltfs in support of motion to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for produce [34-1] (*) (bap) (Entered: 07/05/2006)

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43 July 5, 2006

NOTICE by plaintiffs of completion of briefing on motion to compel [34-1] (*) (bap) (Entered: 07/05/2006)

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44 July 31, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on ntc to take deposition of Dan Barker by deft Corrections Corp to counsel on 7/31/06* (jm) (Entered: 07/31/2006)

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45 Aug. 4, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on copy of expert furnished by Elizabeth Dinsmore report by deft Corrections Corp to counsel on 8/4/06* (jm) Modified on 08/09/2006 (Entered: 08/04/2006)

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46 Aug. 4, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on copy of expert report furnished by Victor Lofgreen by deft Corrections Corp to counsel on 8/4/06* (jm) Modified on 08/09/2006 (Entered: 08/04/2006)

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47 Aug. 4, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on statement of compensation paid to experts by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass it counsel on 8/4/06* (jm) Modified on 08/09/2006 (Entered: 08/04/2006)

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48 Aug. 7, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on Expert Witness Disclosures by defts to counsel on 8/7/06* (jm) (Entered: 08/07/2006)

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49 Aug. 10, 2006

MEMORANDUM, OPINION, AND ORDER: by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen granting and denying in part pltf's mtn to compel Snodgrass & Corrections Corp to respond to first request for production [34-1] as further described herein (cc: all counsel)* (jm) Modified on 08/14/2006

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50 Sept. 6, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on amended notice to take deposition of Dan Barker by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass* (jm) (Entered: 09/06/2006)

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51 Sept. 13, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen extending discovery deadlines as further described herein (cc: all counsel)* (jm) (Entered: 09/13/2006)

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52 Sept. 14, 2006

CERTIFICATE of service on response to 2nd request to produce by deft Corrections Corp to counsel on 9/14/06* (jm) Modified on 09/27/2006 (Entered: 09/15/2006)

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53 Oct. 16, 2006

MOTION by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass for order baring testimony of Daniel Barker (jm) (Entered: 10/16/2006)

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54 Oct. 16, 2006

MEMORANDUM by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass in support of mtn for order baring testimony of Daniel Barker (jm) (Entered: 10/16/2006)

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59 Oct. 17, 2006

MOTION by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass for summary judgment on alleged taxpayer standing (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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60 Oct. 17, 2006

MEMORANDUM by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass in support of mtn for summary judgment on alleged taxpayer standing [59-1]* (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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55 Oct. 18, 2006

MOTION by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass for summary judgment on pltfs' Claims of Establishment Clause Violation * (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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56 Oct. 18, 2006

STIPULATION of the parties to exceed page limit for sum/jgm exhibits* (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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57 Oct. 18, 2006

MOTION by defts Homer Gonzales & Joe R Williams for summary judgment for failure to state a claim and lack of standing * (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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58 Oct. 18, 2006

MEMORANDUM by defts Homer Gonzales & Joe R Williams in support of mtn for summary judgment for failure to state a claim lack of standing [57-1]* (jm) (Entered: 10/18/2006)

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61 Oct. 18, 2006

APPENDIX of Exhibits filed by State defts re memorandum [58-1] in support of mtn for sum/jgm (td) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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62 Oct. 18, 2006

MEMORANDUM by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass in support of motion for summary judgment on Claims of Establishment Clause Violation [55-1] (dmw) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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63 Oct. 19, 2006

MOTION by plaintiffs for partial summary judgment (dmw) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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64 Oct. 19, 2006

AFFIDAVIT of Annie Laurie Gaylor regarding pltfs' motion for partial summary judgment [63-1] (dmw) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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65 Oct. 19, 2006

AFFIDAVIT of Richard L. Bolton regarding pltfs' motion for partial summary judgment [63-1] (dmw) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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66 Oct. 19, 2006

EXHIBITS filed by plaintiffs in support of motion for partial summary judgment [63-1] (dmw) (Entered: 10/19/2006)

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67 Oct. 19, 2006

APPENDIX of exhibits filed by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass re: motion for summary judgment on alleged standing [59-1] (jrm) (Entered: 10/20/2006)

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68 Oct. 26, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Karen B. Molzen setting settlement conference on 12/7/06 @ 1:30 pm in Las Cruces, NM (cc: all counsel)* (jm) (Entered: 10/26/2006)

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69 Nov. 3, 2006

RESPONSE by defts Corrections Corp. & Bill Snodgrass to mtn for partial summary judgment [63-1] (jm) (Entered: 11/06/2006)

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70 Nov. 3, 2006

RESPONSE by defts Homer Gonzales & Joe R Williams to mtn by pltfs for partial sum/jgm [63-1] (td) (Entered: 11/07/2006)

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71 Nov. 3, 2006

APPENDIX of Exhibits filed by defts Homer Gonzales & Joe R Williams re response to mtn by pltfs for partial sum/jgm [70-1] (td) (Entered: 11/07/2006)

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72 Nov. 6, 2006

RESPONSE by pltfs to mtn for summary judgment on pltfs' Claims of Establishment Clause Violation [55-1]* (jm) (Entered: 11/07/2006)

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73 Nov. 6, 2006

RESPONSE (BRIEF) by pltf to mtn for summary judgment for failure to state a claim and lack of standing [57-1]* (jm) (Entered: 11/07/2006)

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77 Nov. 6, 2006

RESPONSE (BRIEF) in opposition by pltf to mtn for summary judgment on alleged taxpayer standing [59-1] (jm) Modified on 11/09/2006 (Entered: 11/06/2006)

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74 Nov. 7, 2006

RESPONSE (BRIEF) by pltfs to mtn for summary judgment for failure to state a claim and lack of standing [57-1] (jm) (Entered: 11/08/2006)

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75 Nov. 7, 2006

MEMORANDUM (BRIEF) by pltf in support of mtn response [74-1] (jm) (Entered: 11/08/2006)

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76 Nov. 7, 2006

AFFIDAVIT of Richard L. Bolton (jm) (Entered: 11/08/2006)

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78 Nov. 20, 2006

REPLY brief in support by plaintiffs to response to motion for partial summary judgment [63-1] * (jrm) (Entered: 11/20/2006)

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79 Nov. 20, 2006

REPLY brief in support by defts Corrections Corp, and Bill Snodgrass to response to motion for summary judgment on pltfs' Claims of Establishment Clause Violation [55-1] (jrm) (Entered: 11/21/2006)

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80 Nov. 21, 2006

MINUTE ORDER: by direction of the Honorable Karen B Molzen vacating the settlement conference set for 12/7/06 @ 1:30 PM (cc: all counsel*) (jrm) (Entered: 11/21/2006)

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81 Nov. 21, 2006

NOTICE by defendant Corrections Corporation of briefing on motion for summary judgment [59-]* (sl) (Entered: 11/21/2006)

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84 Nov. 21, 2006

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Richard L. Puglisi granting deft's mtn for order baring testimony of Daniel Barker [53-1] (cc: all counsel) (jm) (Entered: 11/24/2006)

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82 Nov. 22, 2006

REPLY by defts Homer Gonzales & Joe R Williams to mtn for sum/jgm for failure to state a claim and lack of standing [57-1] (td) (Entered: 11/22/2006)

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83 Nov. 22, 2006

REPLY by defendants Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass in support of motion for summary judgment on Claims of Establishment Clause Violation [55-1] (dmw) (Entered: 11/24/2006)

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85 Nov. 27, 2006

NOTICE of completion of briefing on mtn [55-1] by defts Corrections Corp & Bill Snodgrass* (jm) (Entered: 11/27/2006)

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86 Nov. 27, 2006

STIPULATED ORDER by Magistrate Judge Richard L. Puglisi extending deadline for submission of pre-trial order until 12/1/06 (cc: all counsel) (jm) (Entered: 11/28/2006)

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87 Nov. 30, 2006

NOTICE of completion of briefing on mtn for partial summary judgment [63-1] by pltfs* (jm) (Entered: 12/01/2006)

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88 Dec. 1, 2006

NOTICE of completion of briefing on mtn for sum/jgm [57-1] by State defts* (jm) (Entered: 12/01/2006)

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89 Jan. 5, 2007

MINUTE ORDER resetting Jury Selection/Trial for Monday, 7/16/07 @ 9:30 a.m.; Pretrial Conference for Wednesday, 6/6/07 @ 3:00 p.m.; Jury Instructions/ Objections due at Pretrial Conference by Judge Richard L. Puglisi (Attachments: # 1 Supplement Jury Instructions# 2 Supplement Prep for Trial)(dds) (Entered: 01/05/2007)

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90 Jan. 12, 2007

Unopposed MOTION to Withdraw Motion Jury Demand by Joe R Williams. (Thomson, David) (Entered: 01/12/2007)

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91 Jan. 18, 2007

ORDER by Magistrate Judge Richard L. Puglisi granting 90 deft's Unopposed Motion to Withdraw Jury Demand; Jury Demand is withdrawn (dds) (Entered: 01/18/2007)

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92 Jan. 31, 2007

ORDER by Judge Richard L. Puglisi denying 55 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying 57 Motion for Summary Judgment; denying 63 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (jc) (Entered: 01/31/2007)

Clearinghouse
93 Jan. 31, 2007

ORDER by Judge Richard L. Puglisi denying 59 and 57 Motion for Summary Judgment for Lack of Standing (jc) (Entered: 01/31/2007)

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94 Feb. 2, 2007

MINUTE ORDER resetting Non-Jury Trial before Magistrate Judge Richard L. Puglisi for 7/30/07 @ 9:00 a.m. in Albuquerque - 560 Cimarron Courtroom; Final Pretrial Conference set for 6/6/2007 @ 3:00 p.m. Ste. 730 Judge Richard L. Puglisi Chambers; Pretrial Order due: Pltf to Deft: 5/15/07 and Deft to Court: 5/25/07; Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, Trial Briefs and Motions in Limine due 7/16/07; Witness Lists and Responses to Motions in Limine due 7/23/07; Exhibit List due by 7/20/2007. (dds) (Entered: 02/02/2007)

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95 March 23, 2007

NOTICE by Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc., Paul Weinbaum, Martin J Boyd, Jesse V Chavez of Unavailability of Counsel 4/25/07-4/30/07 (Baker, Adam) Modified re: docket text on 3/28/2007 (jm). (Entered: 03/23/2007)

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96 April 5, 2007

NOTICE of Change of Address by Adam S Baker (Baker, Adam) (Entered: 04/05/2007)

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97 May 18, 2007

Unopposed MOTION for Extension of Time to File Proposed Pre-Trial Order by Homer Gonzales, Joe R Williams. (Tourek, David) (Entered: 05/18/2007)

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98 May 18, 2007

FILED IN ERROR (Entered: 05/18/2007)

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99 May 24, 2007

NOTICE OF DEFICIENCY sent to Attorney David Tourek re 98 Proposed Pretrial Order (jm) (Entered: 05/24/2007)

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100 May 28, 2007

STIPULATED ORDER by Judge Richard L. Puglisi granting 97 Motion for Extension of Time to File until 6/1/07 (jm) (Entered: 05/30/2007)

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Case Details

State / Territory:

New Mexico

Case Type(s):

Prison Conditions

Special Collection(s):

Multi-LexSum (in sample)

Key Dates

Filing Date: Nov. 7, 2005

Closing Date: July 6, 2007

Case Ongoing: No

Plaintiffs

Plaintiff Description:

Freedom from Religious Foundation Inc., a religious non-stock corporation with members who are opposed to government endorsement of religion and taxpayers who are opposed to the use of state taxpayer appropriations to advance, endorse, or promote religion

Plaintiff Type(s):

Private Plaintiff

Public Interest Lawyer: No

Filed Pro Se: No

Class Action Sought: No

Class Action Outcome: Not sought

Defendants

State

New Mexico Corrections Department

Defendant Type(s):

Corrections

Facility Type(s):

Government-run

Non-government for-profit

Case Details

Causes of Action:

42 U.S.C. § 1983

Constitutional Clause(s):

Establishment Clause

Other Dockets:

District of New Mexico 1:05-cv-01168

Available Documents:

Any published opinion

Complaint (any)

Trial Court Docket

Outcome

Prevailing Party: Defendant

Relief Granted:

None

Source of Relief:

None

Issues

General/Misc.:

Classification / placement

Religious programs / policies

Affected Sex/Gender(s):

Female

Recommended Citation