Case: Langton v. Hogan

1:79-cv-02167 | U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts

Filed Date: Oct. 30, 1979

Closed Date: 1997

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Case Summary

On October 30, 1979, William Langton and David LeBlanc, inmates at the Southeastern Correctional Center of Massachusetts, brought suit under 42 U.S.C. §1983 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts alleging that state prison officials violated their constitutionally protected rights by intercepting and monitoring their telephone calls to counsel and other private calls. The inmates' telephone access was restricted while they were held in the maximum security area of the prison, and they were represented by private counsel. On October 17, 1984, after negotiations of the parties, the District Court (Judge Rya Zobel) entered a settlement stipulation. Included in the settlement stipulation was a permanent injunction that prevented the prison officials from intercepting any wire communication by or to William Langton or David LeBlanc while in the custody of the Massachusetts Department of Correction.

Shortly after entry of the settlement agreement, the inmates filed a petition for contempt alleging that the intent and language of the agreement had violated by prison officials regularly asking inmates whether prospective telephone calls were personal or legal and on one occasion requiring an inmate to divulge the name and number of the person to be called. Judge Zobel ordered the officials to cease such conduct and comply with the settlement agreement. The private counsel for the inmates subsequently prevailed on its motion for attorney's fees and costs when Judge Zobel found them to be a prevailing party on the contempt motion. Langton v. Hogan, No. 79-2167, 1988 U.S. Dist. WL 3099 (D.Mass. Jan. 8, 1988) (memorandum of decision).

The Department of Correction apparently complied henceforth with the permanent injunction until April 1994, when it promulgated new regulations governing telephone access and use by inmates found at 103 C.M.R. §§482.00 et seq. These regulations instituted a system of routine monitoring of inmate telephone calls by the Department of Correction and required inmates to sign a form consenting to having their calls monitored, or be deprived of their telephone access. Langton and LeBlanc refused to sign the consent forms and were denied telephone access. They filed a petition for contempt, and in January 1995, the state officials filed a motion to modify the permanent injunction. On February 21, 1995, Judge Zobel allowed the modification of the permanent injunction to limit Langton and LeBlanc's access in accordance with the new regulations except that the prison officials were not permitted to monitor the plaintiffs' calls. Langton v. Hogan, No. 79-2167, 1995 U.S. Dist. WL 96948 (D.Mass. Feb. 21, 1995) (memorandum decision). This modification was contingent upon counsel submitting a form of judgment reflecting the modification of the permanent injunction. However, the counsel failed to agree upon a form of judgment reflecting the modification allowed. Therefore, on May 3, 1995, Judge Zobel signed a judgment that denied the prison officials' request to modify the permanent injunction to allow monitoring of the plaintiffs' telephone calls. Judge Zobel did find that other limitations on plaintiffs' telephone calls requested by state officials were appropriate. These limitations included requiring each plaintiff to use a PIN, requiring the plaintiffs to submit a list of telephone numbers for authorization, and limiting the actual number of telephone calls. On November 21, 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (District Judge Robert Keeton, sitting by designation) affirmed this modification of the permanent injunction Langton v. Hogan, 71 F.3d 930 (1st Cir. 1995).

The docket information available on PACER begins on June 9, 1994, with the plaintiffs' aforementioned petition for contempt which was filed in response to the new prison telephone regulations promulgated by the state of Massachusetts in April 1994. On July 9, 1996, the case was reassigned from Judge Zobel to Judge Mark L. Wolf of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Although the plaintiffs filed subsequent motions for contempt, preliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders, all of these outstanding issues were deemed by Judge Wolf to be resolved on May 20, 1997, and the case was closed on that date.

Summary Authors

Tom Madison (3/25/2006)

People

For PACER's information on parties and their attorneys, see: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/20562680/parties/langton-v-hogan/

Judge(s)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Bannon, Dennis J. (Massachusetts)

Hamelburg, Barbara S. (Massachusetts)

Attorney for Defendant

Abbott, Howard C. (Alabama)

Bishop, John W. Jr. (Massachusetts)

Harshbarger, Scott (Massachusetts)

Judge(s)

Keeton, Robert Ernest (Massachusetts)

Wolf, Mark Lawrence (Massachusetts)

Zobel, Rya Weickert (Massachusetts)

Attorney for Plaintiff

Bannon, Dennis J. (Massachusetts)

Hamelburg, Barbara S. (Massachusetts)

Langton, William (Massachusetts)

LeBlanc, David (Massachusetts)

Monaghan, John (Massachusetts)

Troy, Paul E. (Massachusetts)

Attorney for Defendant

Abbott, Howard C. (Alabama)

Bishop, John W. Jr. (Massachusetts)

Harshbarger, Scott (Massachusetts)

Laufer, Karen (Massachusetts)

Munnelly, Robert J. Jr. (Massachusetts)

Ranieri, Donald G. (Massachusetts)

Silva, Philip W. IV (Massachusetts)

White, Nancy Ankers (Massachusetts)

Attorney Contact Information via CourtListener

Documents in the Clearinghouse

Documents in this case

1:79-cv-02167	Docket (PACER)	Dec. 11, 1997	Dec. 11, 1997 Docket
1:79-cv-02167	Memorandum of Decision	Jan. 8, 1988	Jan. 8, 1988 Order/Opinion 1988 WL 3099
215 1:79-cv-02167	Memorandum of Decision	Feb. 21, 1995	Feb. 21, 1995 Order/Opinion 1995 WL 96948
95-01582	Reported Opinion U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit	Dec. 14, 1995	Dec. 14, 1995 Order/Opinion 71 F.3d 930

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Docket

See docket on RECAP: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/20562680/langton-v-hogan/

Last updated March 18, 2026, 5:32 a.m.

ECF Number	Date	Description	Link
183	June 9, 1994	Motion by William Langton, David LeBlanc for appointment of counsel, filed. (lau) (Entered: 06/27/1994)	RECAP
184	June 9, 1994	Petition for Contempt filed by plaintiffs. (lau) (Entered: 06/27/1994)	RECAP
	June 27, 1994	Case closed. (lau)
185	July 14, 1994	Motion by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus to extend time to file a response to petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/14/1994)	RECAP
	July 19, 1994	Sent copy of docket sheet to William Langton (lau)
186	July 21, 1994	Motion by William Langton, David LeBlanc for temporary restraining order, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/22/1994)	RECAP
187	July 21, 1994	Plaintiffs' demand for a hearing and for writ of Habeas Corpus Ad-Testificandum, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/22/1994)	RECAP
188	July 22, 1994	Response by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [185-1] motion to extend time to file a response to petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/22/1994)	RECAP
	July 26, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered granting [185-1] motion to extend time to file a response to petition for contempt. Entered cc/cl (lau)
189	July 29, 1994	Motion by Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus to strike plaintiff David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/01/1994)	RECAP
190	July 29, 1994	Motion by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/01/1994)	RECAP
191	July 29, 1994	Memorandum by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus in support of [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/01/1994)	RECAP
192	Aug. 5, 1994	Response by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [189-1] motion to strike plaintiff David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/05/1994)	RECAP
193	Aug. 5, 1994	Memorandum by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/05/1994)	RECAP
194	Aug. 10, 1994	Motion by William Langton, David LeBlanc for writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum for William Langton & David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/10/1994)	RECAP
195	Aug. 15, 1994	Motion by William Langton, David LeBlanc for writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum for William Langton and David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/15/1994)	RECAP
197	Aug. 15, 1994	Response by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [189-1] motion to strike plaintiff David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/16/1994)	RECAP
198	Aug. 15, 1994	Response by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/16/1994)	RECAP
199	Aug. 15, 1994	Memorandum by William Langton, David LeBlanc in support of [198-1] opposition response, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/16/1994)	RECAP
200	Aug. 15, 1994	Affidavit of David LeBlanc, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/16/1994)	RECAP
196	Aug. 16, 1994	Reply by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus to response to [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/16/1994)	RECAP
201	Aug. 22, 1994	Reply by William Langton, David LeBlanc to response to [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, filed. (fmr) (Entered: 08/23/1994)	RECAP
202	Aug. 23, 1994	Letter by William Langton dated: 8/23/94 to: Ms. White re: settlement, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/01/1994)	RECAP
203	Sept. 12, 1994	Letter by William Langton dated: 9/4/94 to: Clerk re: copy of docket sheet, (sent copy of docket sheet 9/12/94), filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/12/1994)	RECAP
204	Sept. 14, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Order under the provisions of Title 28, U.S.C., 1915 entered . (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1994)	RECAP
	Sept. 14, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered granting [183-1] motion for appointment of counsel. Entered cc/cl (lau)
205	Sept. 21, 1994	Letter by William Langton dated: 9/17/94 to: Clerk re: P.O. Box 466, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/22/1994)	RECAP
206	Sept. 22, 1994	Notice of appearance of attorney for William Langton, David LeBlanc by Barbara S. Hamelburg, Dennis J. Bannon, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/22/1994)	RECAP
207	Nov. 7, 1994	Letter by William Langton, David LeBlanc by Dennis J. Bannon dated: 11/2/94 to: Ms. Dello Russo re: a status conference, filed. (lau) (Entered: 11/07/1994)	RECAP
	Nov. 8, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsement re: [207-1] remark. Counsel shall appear for a conference at 2:30 p.m. on Nov. 17, 1994. Entered cc/cl (lau)
208	Nov. 17, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: status conference, set status conference for 2:00 12/15/94 (lau) (Entered: 11/17/1994)	RECAP
	Nov. 17, 1994	Status conference held . (lau)
209	Dec. 15, 1994	Motion by William Langton for file supplemental petition for contempt, filed. (lau) (Entered: 12/15/1994)	RECAP
210	Dec. 15, 1994	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: status conference; The parties have not come to an argeement at this time. Defendant plans to aks for the consent decree to be amended so as to be in compliance with the new telephone restrictions. In the meantime, his personal effects have been taken away frm him. Defendants motion will be filed early January (6th). Mr. Bannon would like 14 days to respond (Jan. 20) Hearing 1/31/95 at 3:00. In the meantime Mr. Silva should work on getting his effects returned to him. Entered (lau) (Entered: 12/16/1994)	RECAP
	Dec. 15, 1994	Status conference held . (lau)
211	Jan. 6, 1995	Motion by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus to modify the Permanent Injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 01/09/1995)	RECAP
212	Jan. 6, 1995	Memorandum by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus in support of [211-1] motion to modify the Permanent Injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 01/09/1995)	RECAP
213	Jan. 20, 1995	Response by William Langton, David LeBlanc in opposition to [211-1] motion to modify the Permanent Injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 01/23/1995)	RECAP
214	Jan. 31, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: Motion Hearing: [211-1] motion to modify the Permanent Injunction taken under advisement Court Reporter: McLaughlin (fmr) (Entered: 02/02/1995)	RECAP
	Jan. 31, 1995	Motion hearing re: [211-1] motion to modify the Permanent Injunction (fmr)
	Feb. 8, 1995	Terminated document mooting [195-1] motion for writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum for William Langton and David LeBlanc, mooting [194-1] motion for writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum for William Langton & David LeBlanc, mooting [190-1] motion to dismiss plaintiffs' petition for contempt, mooting [189-1] motion to strike plaintiff David LeBlanc, mooting [186-1] motion for temporary restraining order counsel having been appointed. Requested by ctd. (fmr)
215	Feb. 21, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Memorandum of Decision entered. granting in part, denying in part [211-1] motion to modify the Permanent Injunction. Defendants' motion to modify the permanent injunction is allowed to the extent that the Dept. of Corrections may limit plaintiffs' access in accordance with the Regulations, 403 CMR 482.00 et seq. It is denied to the extent that defendants shall not monitor plaintiffs' calls and 482.00 shall not apply to plaintiffs. Counsel shall submit a form of judgment reflecting the modification allowed. Entered cc/cl (lau) (Entered: 02/23/1995)	RECAP
217	March 3, 1995	Motion by William Langton for appointment of counsel, filed. (lau) (Entered: 03/17/1995)	RECAP
216	March 16, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: conference; Court admits there may be sone confustion in the memo & order recently issued and talks at length with counsel in an effort to clarify same. Judgment shall be entered with the clarifications requested by plaintiff pending further order of the court. Parties to work out the message issue within the next two weeks. Entered (lau) (Entered: 03/17/1995)	RECAP
	March 16, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered denying [217-1] motion for appointment of counsel. Entered cc/cl (lau)
221	March 30, 1995	Affidavit of Thomas Sweeney, filed. (lau) (Entered: 04/07/1995)	RECAP
218	April 3, 1995	Motion by William Langton for appointment of counsel, filed. (lau) (Entered: 04/03/1995)	RECAP
219	April 3, 1995	(Petition) Motion by William Langton for contempt of defendants, filed. (lau) (Entered: 04/03/1995)	RECAP
220	April 3, 1995	Affidavit of William Langton, re: [219-1] motion for contempt of defendants, filed. (lau) (Entered: 04/03/1995)	RECAP
222	April 6, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: modification; Parties to agree on modification to judgment. (lau) (Entered: 04/07/1995)	RECAP
	April 24, 1995	Proposed Judgment received for filing. (lau)
223	May 3, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Judgment entered for William Langton, David LeBlanc against William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus. Entered cc/cl (lau) (Entered: 05/04/1995)	RECAP
224	May 16, 1995	Letter by William Langton dated: 5/7/95 to: Ms. Dello Russo re: petition, filed. (lau) (Entered: 05/16/1995)	RECAP
225	May 25, 1995	Letter by William Langton dated: 5/20/95 to: Ms. Dello Russo re: cases, filed. (lau) (Entered: 05/25/1995)	RECAP
226	May 25, 1995	Notice of appeal by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus filed. Appeal record due on 6/24/95 (fmr) (Entered: 05/31/1995)	RECAP
	June 1, 1995	Notice of Docketing Record on Appeal from USCA re:, received. USCA NUMBER: 95-1582 (fmr)
	June 5, 1995	Certified copy of docket and record on appeal forwarded to U.S. Court of Appeals re: [226-1] appeal . (fmr)
	June 13, 1995	USCA appeal fees received Fee Status: pd Fee Amount: $ 105.00 Receipt #: 269066 (fmr)
227	June 26, 1995	Motion by William Langton for appointment of counsel, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/26/1995)	RECAP
228	June 26, 1995	Motion by William Langton For Contempt, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/26/1995)	RECAP
229	June 27, 1995	Notice of appearance of attorney for William Langton by, Dennis J. Bannon, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/30/1995)	RECAP
230	June 27, 1995	Motion by William Langton for Hearing, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/30/1995)	RECAP
231	June 27, 1995	Motion by William Langton for temporary restraining order, and for preliminary injunction, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/30/1995)	RECAP
232	June 27, 1995	Affidavit of William Langton, re: [231-1] motion for temporary restraining order, [231-2] motion for preliminary injunction, FILED.(c/s) (cmg) (Entered: 06/30/1995)	RECAP
233	July 17, 1995	Notice of withdrawal of counsel by attorney Barbara S. Hamelburg for David LeBlanc, attorney Barbara S. Hamelburg for William Langton filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/17/1995)	RECAP
234	Aug. 17, 1995	Letter by William Langton dated: 8/15/95 to: Clerk re: appointment of counsel, filed. (lau) (Entered: 08/18/1995)	RECAP
235	Sept. 13, 1995	Second Motion by William Langton for temporary restraining order, and for preliminary injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1995)	RECAP
236	Sept. 13, 1995	Memorandum by William Langton in support of [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1995)	RECAP
237	Sept. 13, 1995	Affidavit of William Langton, re: [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1995)	RECAP
238	Sept. 13, 1995	Motion by William Langton for Hearing, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1995)	RECAP
239	Sept. 14, 1995	Certificate of Consultation re: [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/14/1995)	RECAP
	Sept. 14, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered granting [238-1] motion for Hearing, Motion hearing set for 10:00 9/22/95 for [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, set for 10:00 9/22/95 for [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction . Entered cc/cl (lau)
240	Sept. 18, 1995	Letter by William Langton dated: 9/12/95 to: Clerk re: status, filed. (sent copy of docket sheet 9/18/95) (lau) (Entered: 09/18/1995)	RECAP
241	Sept. 22, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Clerk's Notes: re: motion hearing [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction taken under advisement, [231-2] motion for preliminary injunction taken under advisement Court Reporter: Ruggieri (lau) (Entered: 09/26/1995)	RECAP
242	Sept. 22, 1995	Affidavit of William Langton, filed. (lau) (Entered: 09/26/1995)	RECAP
	Sept. 22, 1995	Motion hearing re: [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction Motion hearing held, [231-2] motion for preliminary injunction (lau)
	Oct. 10, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered denying [230-1] motion for Hearing. The hearing having been held, the motion is denied as moot. Entered cc/cl (lau)
	Oct. 10, 1995	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered denying [231-1] motion for temporary restraining order, denying [231-2] motion for preliminary injunction. Entered cc/cl (lau)
	Nov. 8, 1995	Transmitted supplemental record on appeal: re: . (fmr)
243	Nov. 13, 1995	Supplemental Affidavit of William Langton, filed. (lau) (Entered: 11/14/1995)	RECAP
244	Nov. 16, 1995	Motion by William Langton for contempt of defendants, filed. (lau) (Entered: 11/16/1995)	RECAP
245	Nov. 16, 1995	Affidavit of William Langton, re: [244-1] motion for contempt of defendants, filed. (lau) (Entered: 11/16/1995)	RECAP
246	Dec. 14, 1995	Supplemental Affidavit of William Langton, re: [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction, filed. (lau) (Entered: 12/15/1995)	RECAP
247	Dec. 27, 1995	Mandate of US Court of Appeals re: affirming . (fmr) (Entered: 12/27/1995)	RECAP
	Feb. 6, 1996	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered denying [244-1] motion for contempt of defendants. Entered cc/cl (lau)
	Feb. 15, 1996	Mail sent to David LaBlanc returned by Post Office because: Return to Sender. (lau)
248	Feb. 26, 1996	Motion in letter form by: Dennis J. Bannon dated: 2/23/96 on behalf of William Langton for a status conference, filed. (lau) (Entered: 02/26/1996)	RECAP
	March 4, 1996	Record on appeal returned from U.S. Court of Appeals, re: . (fmr)
	March 28, 1996	Terminated document mooting [227-1] motion for appointment of counsel, mooting [218-1] motion for appointment of counsel, mooting [209-1] motion for file supplemental petition for contempt Requested by ctd. (fmr)
249	June 27, 1996	Letter by Dennis J. Bannon dated: 6/26/96 to: Ms. Dello Russo re: transfer of case filed. (lau) (Entered: 06/27/1996)	RECAP
250	June 27, 1996	Motion by William Langton to transfer case to another session of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/09/1996)	RECAP
251	July 5, 1996	Response by William Hogan Jr., Ronald Amaral, George Vose, Arthur Silva, McMannus in opposition to [250-1] motion to transfer case to another session of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, filed. (lau) (Entered: 07/09/1996)	RECAP
	July 5, 1996	Judge Rya W. Zobel . Endorsed Order entered granting [250-1] motion to transfer case to another session of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Entered cc/cl (lau)
252	July 9, 1996	Notice of case assignment. Case reassigned from Judge Zobel to Judge Mark L. Wolf . (lau) (Entered: 07/09/1996)	RECAP
253	July 11, 1996	Letter by Dennis J. Bannon dated: 7/10/96 to: Ms. Lovett re: status conference filed. c/s. (cjn) (Entered: 07/16/1996)	RECAP
254	Dec. 26, 1996	Letter by Dennis J. Bannon dated: 12/23/96 to: Ms. Lovett re: request hearing filed. (cjn) (Entered: 01/08/1997)	RECAP
255	March 26, 1997	Judge Mark L. Wolf . Memorandum and Order entered. granting [248-1] motion for a status conference, denying [235-1] motion for temporary restraining order, denying [228-1] motion For Contempt, The parties shall by April 7,1997 inform the court of their respective views concerning the status of this case and any events which may need to be scheduled. cc/cl (sad) (Entered: 03/28/1997)	RECAP
	March 31, 1997	Terminated document: terminating [235-2] motion for preliminary injunction Requested by mlw. (sad)
	March 31, 1997	Terminated document: [219-1] motion for contempt of defendants Requested by mlw. (ktb)
256	April 9, 1997	Letter by William Langton in 1:79-cv-02167 by Dennis J. Bannon in 1:79-cv-02167 reporting to the court on motions still pending dated: 4/7/97 to: Judge Wolf filed. (ktb) (Entered: 04/11/1997)	RECAP